Key Pieces of Horror Narrative Essay Samples

Key Pieces of Horror Narrative Essay Samples Gawande throughout the full essay attempts to prove that through hospice that patients are in a position to die peacefully, they can let go. There are several different forms of expository essays. It is most expedient to begin writing essays when you have read a sample of the very same kind of essay. While the completely free essays may give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used `as is' because they won't satisfy your assignment's requirements. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. Students may practice writing by deciding upon a number of the expository essay topics presented on our website or produce their own topics. Reading though samples will lower your time later on, since you will begin writing your essay with clear understanding how to compose your own paper. Check your assignment guidelines or ask your teacher if you aren't sure about the essential length. A high number of nursing positions require on the work training. In addition may be attempting to find somebody who can perform your essay. In this kind of essay, you should describe something without being metaphoric. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. A photo essay is a group of pictures with a total topic or theme. In addition, thesis lets readers are aware of what they're likely to read about. If your essay appears choppy, correct mistakes with the assistance of transition words and phrases. To put it simply, an expository essay explores all angles of a specific topic in an attempt to teach the audience something they may not know. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a selection of topics and approaches to bring up the idea. When discussing the problem of youth crime groups, an individual must wonder how one makes the decision to join them. Get quality reasonable assistance from an on-line paper composing organization it is possible to confide in, for instance, instantessaytyper.com. Explain why it's helpful to organize your materials and activities. There are various sorts of essay and they require the distinctive outline. An essay must be clear and unbiased. While an expository essay ought to be clear and concise, it may also be lively and engagi ng. A wonderful descriptive essay is going to be loaded with details. The thesis of the expository essay ought to be based on factual information which will be displayed in the body of the essay. There are several methods about how to compose an expository essay. It aims to inform readers about some subject with solid evidence. Expository essays follow the very same rules since most essays. Explanatory writing is normally used when a particular analysis is conducted. A thriving process essay is going to be detailed enough so a reader will have all the info required to finish the endeavor. The benefits of a brief essay is that you could concentrate on a single side of the matter. Also, it must be a road map for the remainder of the Essay writing service reviews you shouldn't explicitly announce what and how you're going to be arguing. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and produce all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. Possessing a look at the expository essay sample will definitely be an advantage and will cause you to avoid any type of errors. Get ready to apply sequential, spatial, topical, and lots different patterns to get your story interesting and detailed. Typically, a structure of essay contains three principal sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. Choosing Horror Narrative Essay Samples Is Simple It's important to keep in mind that this kind of expository essay allows for many of artistic freedom. The doctors must make sure the words they use don't demonstrate they have pity for their patients, they have to attempt to remain as impartial as possible. Keep in mind, though you might not be crafting the upcoming great novel, you making an effort to leave a long-lasting impression on the folks evaluating your essay. This essay describes the procedure for creating a cake. Write an essay explaining the steps which you want to follow to be able to apply for employment. Don't forget, in addition, there are discounts available when purchasing all 3 e-books and free shipping when purchasing all three text books. As you consider your topic, think about making a graphic organizer to receive your thoughts in order.

Report on How Customer Service Affects Business Profits

Introduction. I have been asked to produce a short report that can be used to demonstrate to the board of directors that improving customer service is an excellent way of improving takings. My report has to include the following: . The role of a supervisor in delivering customer service, . The impact of excellent customer service on how your team works and the positive benefits to the hotel, team and customers on delivering customer service, . How delivering excellent service can support up-selling and add on-selling, . How we are to monitor service delivery. Research Customer service. What does it mean? . Customer service according to the dictionary means: â€Å"Assistance and other resources that a†¦show more content†¦Notes from Customer Experience Management, Bernd Schmitt In most companies, employees do not care about their jobs. A Gallup survey found that only 25% of employees are â€Å"actively engaged†. 75% are just muddling through. University of Michigan’s David Ulrich observes that â€Å"job depression† is on the rise. . Disengaged and depressed employees are not likely to deliver a great experience to customers. . To turn that around, you must engage the heart and soul of every employee. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi at the University of Chicago found that employees want to experience work as â€Å"flow† – when they become so involved in what they’re doing that they lose track of time. Flow is about optimal experiences and enjoyment in life and the ultimate goal is â€Å"turning all life into a unified flow experience†. When that happens, work does not feel like work, and the separation of work and leisure becomes meaningless. Work and leisure become one. . In particular, modern neurological research shows that people don t think and draw conclusions in linear, hierarchical ways or in exclusively conscious ways. Instead, they glean cues and bits of information from all the senses, above and below awareness, to form a composite experiential impression that becomes a basis for preference, loyalty, and advocacy (Excerpt from What Makes Customers Tick? Lewis P. Carbone, in Marketing Management) Conclusion: After reading through the above mentioned research articles I haveShow MoreRelatedSports Direct : The Uk s Largest Sporting Goods Retailer Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesfounded in 1982. The core business of this company is to provide a wide range of sports, fitness and fashion products to the public. Recently, Sports Direct has been hit by several negative news over its poor treatment of their workers and faced the challenge for the management reshuffle in the company. This report will show the problem on sales management, profit warnings and the employment contract for a sample of Sports Direct. Besides, make some recommendations about how it can make changes to theRead MoreThe Effect Of Different Stakeholders Exert At Mercedes Benz1661 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this report, I am going to evaluate the influence of different stakeholders exert at Mercedes Benz. The stakeholders I will be discussing is the owner of the business, customers who buy cars as they provide good quality of service, employees who help the business to perform well and making profits and the Government who support Mercedes Benz because they have been running successfully throughout the years so they want to invest money to further develop the business. On the other handRead MorePursuing a Career in Human Resources947 Words   |  4 Pagesvideo, the roles of a manager within the functional areas of business are marketing, operations management, finance and human resource management. In addition, other roles listed, were lawyer, strategic planner, accountant, economist and leader (UoP, 2013). 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And if the go with the mode data analysis, the range could be anything from 5 to 40kms Identify and review a range of external sources of information (such as relevant books and articles, information on the internet, benchmarking studies) in order to conduct a qualitative analysis of comparativeRead MoreThe Collaborative Work That Has Been Done For Complete The Business Scenario And Presentation1613 Words   |  7 PagesIn this report I will be explaining about the collaborative work that has been done to complete the business scenario and presentation. We have been given a group task to create a scenario of an organization from given sectors. After the group discussion we have decided to choose transportation sector. We have created a business and a presentation showing how this business will work. 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Efficiency in managing business activities ensures smooth operation for maximum profit (Brinkman, 2). The business model strategy enhances the management of the enterprise and operational design to conform to profit-making goals by implementing the segmentation of business activities. The research report will employ the business model canvas to study and perform data analysis on the quickly growing taxi

Strategic Management Formulate the Business Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for Formulate the Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction Business organizations formulate their objectives before making the strategy. Future endeavors of the organizations depend on the current operations of the business and the position of the organization within the market. According to Eberhard Tarpenning (2014), therefore, the assessment includes analysis of all the past and present data related to implementation of business strategies. They opined that the process of strategy development is known as Strategic management. Tesla Motors is one such company that stresses upon strategic management. Eberhard Tarpenning (2014) stated that it belongs to automotive and renewable energy storage systems industry. Martin (2014) opined that in 2013 Tesla Motors was established and now it is one of the leading companies of the world with more than 50,000 vehicles of it roaming worldwide. The overall revenue generated by the company in 2015 was US$4.04 billion ("Tesla", 2016). The strategic management for the company will now be discussed in this essay. Current product-market approach According to Martin (2014), Tesla Motors have not only made cars but also emphasized on energy storage systems. The diversity of work that they have been doing since their inception brought them prosperity. As Liu et al (2014) discussed, the power-train technology is the innovation of Tesla Motors. Their first Roadster model of Tesla gave the drivers a similar driving experience of a traditional gas engine. According to Rothaermel (2015), with time, the production of recent Roadster models became slower posting a challenge on Tesla Motors. The company started developing the future strategies for sustenance. As a result, in 2012 they came up with EV family sedan. Previously, they never focused on family segment. However, the invention of Model S worked for them and in the next few years, they decided to work on limited orders of vehicles to develop a target-oriented production capacity. Tesla made a plan to give its customers better knowledge and experience about their Electric Vehicl es (EV). According to Mangram (2012), the strategy was to enhance the reliability of the customers on Teslas EV capabilities before Model X was introduced in 2014. It was a part of Teslas strategy to develop the early adopters. Mangram (2012) stated that in addition, Model S was their first attempt to make a mid-sized vehicle. Model S was sold in half of the Roadsters price and thus Tesla cars became available to the middle-class people. Both these products have been providing Tesla with consistent profit. However, Tesla lowered the price of cars following the business approach of Silicon Valley firms, and other technology industries worldwide where the prices of laptops, and cellular phones decreased dramatically. They shift the companys objective by stressing more on high-end segment of the market. In global market scenario, rarely any company has taken such a risk. ("Tesla", 2016) Since its inception, the objective of the Tesla has been to produce cars and initiating the transition to Electronic vehicles. The EVs save fuels and also perform better than the motor cars. As discussed by Birk (2015), Teslas past and current strategy includes the following: Produce and sell their Electronic Vehicles Sell parts of electronic power trains to other car manufacturers Become a role model in EV making business Moritz et al (2015, August) opined that as a part of implementing these strategies, they have developed an integrated power train technology. It is made of lithium-ions cells having a high level of energy density, a set of power electronics controlled by software, a cooled battery pack, an A/C induction motor, and a gearbox containing RPM single-gear. According to Moritz et al (2015, August), the ranges of the Tesla Roadster and Tesla Model S are 245 miles and 300 miles respectively. As discussed by Wu et al (2015), it is greater than the Ford Focus EV, Chevy Volt, and Nissan Leaf. In manufacturing low-priced batteries, Tesla holds the top position in the market. According to Park et al (2014), whereas the competitors of Tesla sell it for $650 per kWh, the amount in Tesla is $400/kWh. The Model S sedan, which is the most affordable car produced by Tesla has distinguished features. It has more cargo room compared to the other sedan cars, wireless 4G connectivity, 17-inch touch screen computer, quick recharge for 45 minutes and some other lucrative features. Definitely, the strategy is to provide the customers not only with a great millage but also with a technologically advanced experience. Thus, the customers enjoy both necessity and luxury. They added that the Model S sedan satisfied the needs of different customers. Tesla planned to provide the customers of Model S sedan with additional offerings to increase the demand. Reportedly, the strategy has gained for Tesla more than 60,000 orders specifically for the electric sedan cars. As an extension of this strategy, Tesla made plans to launch other crossovers, vans, SUVs and sedan cars based on the adaptable power train. Such a strategy needs both money and time. Distribution strategy Teslas distribution strategy emphasizes on controlling its own service and sales operations leading to earn desirable revenue and get customers feedback. Moving out from the traditional dealer network system, they have taken the storefront approach towards the customers. According to Cheong et al (2016), this automotive distribution system puts the dealers in an odd situation regarding the inventory and the service. They do not store the cars at the dealers place; rather they have taken the just-in-time delivery approach. They use online services as a part of distribution system. According to Chen Perez (2015, June), the stores are medium-sized and without any huge floor space because it does not carry the large inventories. It is a shift from the traditional approach. However, Tesla is facing various legal challenges by implementing this strategy. As Bohnsack et al (2014) pointed out that many states having strict laws concerning online purchase, and many countries that do not allo w the direct transactions between manufacturer and customer are stopping Tesla from expansion. Marketing and sales strategy According to Lee et al (2015), Tesla follows the marketing and sales approach of Silicon Valley firm, which is a shift from the traditional system of marketing. The current marketing structure is based on the retail strategy that is found in Apple. Chen Perez (2015, June) discussed that Tesla has hired the former architecture of Apple retail model George Blankenship. The strategy is to encourage the customers to get knowledge about Teslas technology. They mentioned that there is no dont touch signboard for the customers. As the objective of the company is to not only to develop present customers but also to pave the way for the future customers, they have not restricted anyone of any age to experience Electric Vehicles that Tesla offers. For that, they felicitate the customers with the touch-screen interface experience, virtual Design studio, and product experts to develop a transparent manufacturer-customer communication. As opined by Lee et al (2015), the virtual Design studio of the Tesla is the best configuration that any automotive manufacturer has offered till date. It enables the customers to find out their exact necessity. Again, the product experts in the stores use iPads while explaining anything to the customers. The current showroom of Tesla in Santana let the customers design their own products on a large screen through swiping over the virtual parts of the cars. Such a new strategy is lucrative to the customers and as an extension of this approach; they have designed the exterior of their stores in a modern way. Wu et al (2015) discussed that Tesla have 16 stores in various places of United States, 2 stores in Canada, 3 stores in Asia/Pacific, and in Europe they have 13 stores. Most of the stores look like galleries, which is again a shift from traditional look of the shops. All stores exhibit Model S sedan outlining the Teslas offerings to the customers. The strategy is to control their costs of productions, manage the warranty related service, and strengthen Tesla as a brand besides enhancing the customers satisfaction. Service strategy Teslas service strategy includes acknowledgement of customers feedback. According to Martin (2014), they follow the service strategy of Zappos.com, which is shoe retailer, and the computer repair service Geek Squad. According to Schuller et al (2014), adopting the Best Buy concept, Teslas retail shops provide the customers with house call options that involve annual inspections and upgradation of firmware. He opined that the cost of service is minimum $100. It is very cheap if comparing to the expenses. However, the strategy is taken because development of service centers is more costly comparing to the loss. The aim of Tesla in making this strategy was to remove the conflicts and confusion found in the traditional dealership system. Corporate culture strategy Tesla has always wanted to offer something different. To fulfill this aim, they have formulated a different corporate culture. As discussed by Birk (2015), they hire people who are interesting in moving out of the box. They encourage employees to take challenges shifting from the traditional model of business structure. Birk (2015) added that Tesla has taken the help of Arnnon Geshuri for development this new kind of corporate culture. Geshuri is known for his contribution in Google. Current strategic challenges At present, Tesla is the only company to manufacture electric vehicles. The advantage of Tesla is that they are concerned about environmental issues as they produce all electric vehicles, which are environment-friendly. Again, the customers of the niche market are happy with the EVs due to the high price of gasoline. As discussed by Birk (2015), Tesla-Panasonic collaboration in development of lithium-ion battery cells having a nickel base is giving positive results to them. The biggest challenge for Tesla is that they compete with larger resource driven car manufacturers along with a greater market share. Many new companies that are venturing into making the EVs are the recent threat to Tesla. According to Martin (2014), the already existing companies such as Toyota, Nissan, Daimler, Ford, Honda and Chevrolet are also making Electronic Vehicles. Tesla is unable to compete with the resources of these companies. Much of the business investments of Tesla are done through debt resulting into a consistently low net income rate. According to Clark et al (2015), Electronic vehicles might be a user-friendly, yet it is not the demand of majority customers. Future strategy According to Martin (2014), Tesla Motors has their competitors including Chevy Volt that emphasizes on developing the EVs. Toyota, on the other hand, introduced an electric version of RAV4. These two companies are giving Tesla serious competition although Tesla Motors is reputed in having a better performance and better range than the other two companies have. Analyzing the current scenario, the two critical issues can be encountered. These are as follows: What should be the plan for the future? What should be the direction of the plan? After analyzing all the product-market, service and distribution models that Tesla follow, some of the recommendations for at least the next five years will be outlined now. At first, Tesla need to create demands for the all Electronic Vehicles otherwise, it is difficult for them to survive. Tesla must explain the necessities of owing an EV. Not only the advanced technology that they offer should be addressed but also the environmental issues related to EVs should be highlighted. Tesla need to change its sales model for those countries where they encounter issues related to manufacture-customer relationship direct transaction. In most areas of United States, they can use the dealership structure for the expansion of the market. Tesla can come up with two-segments of cars. One that is fully electronic and have an unique approach; and another that satisfies the broader range of customers. They should target the middle class people who dream about owing a car. For the, they can come up with innovative models of motor cars. Tesla can make more Trucks and SUVs as it has specific demands in the market. Tesla has been targeting the upper middle class consumers. To expand the sales it should focus on market segmentation. As already stated, they can come up with SUVs and Trucks, and produce low-priced innovative models of motor cars along with the EVs. Thus, they should enlarge the target customers. For the maintenance of the cars, Tesla needs to have limited dealerships. It unburdens the responsibility of maintaining a large number of cars. Especially, for the expensive cars, they need the help the dealers for the purpose of storage. Conclusion As a company, Tesla Motors have various advantages and drawbacks. The objective of the company should be the understanding of its advantages and utilizing them for the expansion of its market. The strategy of the company should involve gauging of its drawbacks. The market structure of Tesla is innovative and modern. However, their focus should also be to increase the demands for the Electronic Vehicles. The recommended strategic planning has outlined these issues. References Birk, D. (2015). Tesla Motors, Inc. Market Analysis and Definition. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J., Kolk, A. (2014). Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), 284-300. Chen, Y., Perez, Y. (2015, June). Business model design: lessons learned from Tesla Motors. InGerpisa Conference, ENS Cachan, Paris(pp. 10-12). Cheong, T., Song, S. H., Hu, C. (2016). Strategic Alliance with Competitors in the Electric Vehicle Market: Tesla Motors Case.Mathematical Problems in Engineering,2016. Clark, J. R., Stringham, E., Miller, J. (2015). Overcoming Barriers to Entry in an Established Industry: Tesla Motors.Available at SSRN 2746171. Eberhard, M., Tarpenning, M. (2014). The 21st Century Electric Car Tesla Motors. Lee, M., Jay, J. (2015). Strategic responses to hybrid social ventures.California Management Review,57(3), 126-148. Liu, Y. E., Kang, Y., Wu, H., Chen, C., Hon, E. (2014). Tesla Motors Inc. Case Synopsis.Burnaby BC: Simon Fraser University. Retrieved,10(18), 2014. Mangram, M. E. (2012). The globalization of Tesla Motors: a strategic marketing plan analysis.Journal of Strategic Marketing,20(4), 289-312. Martin, C. (2014). Driving change in the battery industry.Nature nanotechnology,9(5), 327-328. Moritz, M., Redlich, T., Krenz, P., Buxbaum-Conradi, S., Wulfsberg, J. P. (2015, August). Tesla Motors, Inc.: Pioneer towards a new strategic approach in the automobile industry along the open source movement?. In2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET)(pp. 85-92). IEEE. Park, J., Rast, J., MacDoughall, T., Nitti, B., Sinton, D., Geissler, A., Roseli, K. L. (2014). Marketing Plan for Tesla Motors Model S. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Schuller, A., Dietz, B., Flath, C. M., Weinhardt, C. (2014). Charging strategies for battery electric vehicles: economic benchmark and V2G potential.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,29(5). Tesla. (2016). Tesla.com. Retrieved 17 September 2016, from https://www.tesla.com/ Wu, D., Zeng, H., Boulet, B. (2015). Impact Analysis of EV Charging with Mixed Control Strategy.Editorial Board Members, 731.

Theater History Essays - Feast Of Fools, Carnival, Easter, Paganism

Theater History European Theater diminished drastically during the Middle Ages. This was due to the harshness of living during these times. The common people were tillers of the soil, unlearned, with short life spans. The Roman Catholic Church had considerable power. The church has never been a big supporter of things theatrical. But some primitive types of Theater did emerge in this time. The scop was found in the Germanic or Teutonic territories. The scop was a singer and storyteller who would tell about ancient heroes of that land. He would perform at banquets and was given a social status. These scops would give the desolate people a way to reconnect with a more prosperous time. We see this in our own society with Native Americans. They will tell stories of their heroic ancestors and the sacrifices they made. There were already theatrical elements in Europe at this time, but many of them were associated with Pagan rituals. To claim Europe as its own, the Catholic Church adopted many of these Pagan ritual dates into its own calendar. Christ's birth is on December 25th to overlap a Pagan ritual date. Easter is also said to be on an originally Pagan date. The pageant sounds a lot like Pagan. I wonder if they are related. The Church began inventing pageants of its own. Palm Sunday was often accompanied by a pageant reenacting Christ's entrance to Jerusalem. On Good Friday a cross was wrapped in burial sheets and then brought out on Easter Sunday. Today we witness annual Manger scenes at local churches. One of the surviving playwrights, Hrosvitha, had to make her plays about religious themes. Her plays were based on the works of Terence. For fear of the Church, it was best to make all plays liturgical in nature. The main staging convention was the mansion. The mansion was a house or playing area. Most liturgical shows needed only one mansion, but plays that were more complicated needed more than one mansion. There was usually only one mansion because plays were still put on wagons. But the book says that there are recorded uses of over 100 hundred mansions. At the end of the twelfth century a ritual of pagan times was revived: The Feast of Fools. During this feast monks and other workers were allowed to make fun of their superiors and the overbearing Church. People would feast upon sausages and alcohol, wear masks, and have a general sense of mirth. It sounds much like our current festivals of Mardi Gras or the Latin-American Carnival. The Feast of Fools was very important to the development of comedy. One medieval practice that would considerably limit the number of productions if put in practice today is the responsibilities of the pageant master. The pageant master was the not only the artistic director of the shows, he was also responsible for every aspect of production except properties. How would you like to take on a job of that magnitude? Most actors were taken from the working class. Woman and children participated at this time, and most actors doubled in parts. Theater

Understand The Supreme Court Via Listening To Supreme Court Arguments essays

Understand The Supreme Court Via Listening To Supreme Court Arguments essays Second only to watching the proceedings in person or perhaps seeing them on television, listening to the Supreme Court justices argue and debate about a case was an informative and unique experience. Although I was aware of how the court system worked before listening to this proceeding, I was unaware about several of the stylistic processes involved in arguing a case. For example, I was not aware that each side had time requirements and that the proceedings were carried out in a more question-and-answer style. Hearing the justices ask questions of each other, probing the issue and the position of the other client with vigor but not hostility was also an informative and interesting glimpse into how our laws are interpreted. Because I wanted to consider an argument that is very relevant to todays politics, I choose Reno V. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. This case dealt with both illegal aliens and terrorism, too hot issues in todays United States. Essentially, the case revolved around six men who were threatened with deportation. It was the reason for this deportation that was disputed. The government claimed that the men were being deported for a variety of valid reasons, working with out a permit and failing to maintain student status among them. The young mens attorneys, however, argued that they were being deported because they were associated with a certain group that the government interpreted as being a threat. The young men had engaged in several activities that were legal, such as distributing magazines, activities that were protected by first amendment rights. The attorneys for this group were arguing that this process was selective, that they were chosen for deportation because of their political affiliation. Thus, the Supreme Court was arguing whether or not it was legal for the government to selectively deport those whom it sees as a threat if they have committed some type of ...

What to Pack for College

What to Pack for College Deciding what to pack when you head to school may seem more overwhelming than trying to get your entire high school career on one tiny admissions application. With a little planning and foresight, however, it doesnt have to be as complicated as it might seem at first. You'll Buy Stuff When You Get There You dont have to plan for your entire academic year when packing, especially if youre on a really tight budget. You can buy pens, extra binders, and lots of other things as the year goes on. Additionally, if you arent sure if you need to bring a small desk lamp or if the school will already provide one for you, for example, just research it in advance. See if the schools website says anything.Check out social media and ask other students.Call the residence life office and ask whats already in the room. Keep in mind, too, that you are building a new life of sorts for yourself. Dont try to duplicate your room at home so much as find things that will represent your time at school. Lastly, this list doesnt include all of the things that should go without explaining, like clothes and a backpack. This is meant to remind you of a few items that you might forget to pack and that just might make your college life a little easier. The Essentials Quarters - Possibly one of the highest-demand items on a college campus. Grab a roll or two before you go.Tip: If you run out, ask a fellow student who works as a waiter/waitress.Detergent and fabric softener - If you buy a big box because its cheaper in bulk, make sure you have a way to carry a little bit at a time. Theres no need to carry 25 pounds of detergent down three flights of stairs every time you need to wash your clothes.Laundry basket, hamper, or bag - Space is usually at a premium for college students, so this should double as a way to carry your clothes from your room to the washing machines.Fabric freshener  - Speaking of that dirty laundry... a bottle of spray fabric freshener like Febreze will keep your dorm room smelling fresh and your roommate happy.Shower caddy - Youll most likely need to carry your shower items (soap, shampoo, conditioner, razor, etc.) from your room and back. A good shower caddy should fit all your essentials.  Shower shoes - The showers at school may not be as clean as the one youre used to at home. Make sure you have something to prevent catching (or stepping in) anything nasty. Robe - Not everyone wants to walk from the shower to their room in only a towel.First aid kit - Something simple will do to help cover up and heal small injuries here and there.Sewing kit - This may seem like a lifesaver when youre on your last pair of clean socks . . . and your toe pokes through them.Small toolkit - These can be a little hard to find, but are worth the effort. A basic toolkit with a small hammer, screwdriver (with different kinds of tips), wrench, tape measure, and a few other essentials will come in handy during your time at school.Hangers - Its no fun to arrive at school with tons of clothes that have to live on your bed or closet floor for the first few days.  Cup, bowl, plate, fork, knife, and spoon - One set should work for grabbing pizza late at night, sharing the 2-liter soda your RA bought during midterms week and eating healthy snacks while studying between meals.Can opener - Theres just no way to get that can of soup open without one, especially when its really late and youre really hungry. Small items for clean-up - Depending on what you prefer, this could be Clorox wipes, paper towels, a rag or two, or a few sponges. No matter what it is, that cup of soda is inevitably going to spill and youll be prepared.Keychain - While you can wait to get this until you arrive, make sure its on your list. Most students have a keychain that holds their keys and student ID; get a sturdy one that will be hard to lose.Extra-long sheets - Check with your school before buying sheets. Most college residence halls have extra-long twin beds, which are a different size than standard twin beds. Youll need a specific size of sheets to fit them.Flash/jump/thumb drive - Perfect for printing at the library, saving your work when working with a group on someone elses computer, and bringing to class for presentations. Have two or three of these on hand in case one gets misplaced.Laptop lock - Make sure your laptop is as protected as possible, no matter how safe you feel.Power strip with surge prote ction - Residence hall rooms are notorious for not having enough plugs. Make sure you can safely plug in all the devices you bring. Extension cords - With rooms being small enough already, the last thing you need is to have to move things around just to reach an outlet.Printer paper - You just finished writing your essay, youre tired, and you want to go to bed. Who wants to spend twenty minutes searching for printer paper?Small fan - Many residence halls dont have air conditioning and can get pretty hot during the summer. A tiny fan will do wonders for circulating the air in your room, even in winter.Umbrella - If youre packing during a sunny day, this may totally slip your mind. But youll be grateful for it the first time it rains on campus.Fridge and microwave - Essentials for most college students. Make sure, though, that you coordinate with your roommate before bringing either of these.Additionally, make sure that whatever you bring doesnt exceed the limitations allowed in your hall. You can find out more about size and electricity limits by contacting your campus residence life office.Cell-phone charger - Oh , the horrors of forgetting this. If possible, get one with an extra long cord; outlets are usually in short supply. If you like to sleep with your phone by your bed (or use it as an alarm), you might not be able to do so if the cords too short. Things Not to Bring There are things that you do want to bring to campus and those that should definitely be avoided. Candles - These are rarely allowed in residence halls, and even on-campus apartments, because of the fire hazard. Even if you arent going to light them, they still may not be allowed.A fridge or microwave that exceeds the size and electricity limits for your room or apartment Hotplate - These are also usually not permitted in on-campus housing.Expensive equipment - You may think that bringing very high-quality stereo equipment will make you a popular student on your floor. That may be true, but doing so may also make you a target for theft. If there are other things youre thinking of bringing, its more important to have a rule for how to decide what to bring with you than it is to worry about whats right vs. whats wrong. Just use that smart brain of yours to make wise choices. Lastly, make sure you know how to keep your belongings safe once you arrive. Who wants to spend all that time packing just to have your things disappear?!

Human Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Relations - Essay Example These were all racist comments on a student as he was black and he belonged from other nation. I saw that no one stopped them from ragging him; whereas everyone displayed a sense of pride in what they were doing. They thought themselves to be superior, spotless, good guys and pious as they had the color white. Furthermore, a student of white origin threw water balloons on the other guy and humiliated and harassed him just because of his color. At that moment, I was surprised to see that such racism prevails even in the 21st century, when people project themselves to be modern and open minded. This racist act witnessed was a shame for every individual who states him/herself to be broadminded. I had a sensation of inferiority seeing such behavior and narrow-mindedness of the people. The white students did enjoy their act and were feeling proud of their action. I was numb to what I saw and my adrenaline rush was to the heights. My idea of free world, democracy and non-discrimination was all changing. I thought of challenging them and showing them the real picture of the world where black people are working hand-in-hand, and are at times also superior to the white people in their activities. I wanted to protest and save my friend from the torture but feared as I too had a dark color. Nonetheless, I went back to my place and wrote a letter to the college authority regarding the incidence, the racism that was being faced by the students who were there to study. I went to many individuals of the college who signed the letter to demonstrate their support towards anti-racism in colleges. The incidence in the college divided the students into groups, one who believed in the idea of superior and inferior and the other who perceived equality for the success of the individual and nation. The incidence displayed action of supremacy and racism in the college. INTERVIEW Questions Framed: 1. Should Racism prevail in this modern world? 2. What should be done to stop racism? I in terviewed my friends and my neighbor regarding racism. According to Respondent I, racism should not prevail in the modern world. Racism shows the backwardness of thought process, when the world is reaching new heights. Racism exhibits inequality, lack of education, cultural values and above all human values. He added that in modern world, people should believe in togetherness and not fight on a petty issue of color. In response to the second question, he stated that people should be punished if they pass racist comments or jokes. People should be educated on racism and coerced to change their views regarding racism and sexism comments. Respondent II was against racism, he presented an idea of a free world where people should be judged by their behavior and not color. He stated that togetherness and a sense of friendship should prevail in the modern world to encourage inter social behavior. He was very annoyed with the people who supported racism and commented that they should be veh emently punished and sent for mental treatment. According to Respondent III, he supported racism as he believed in supremacy. He stated that because they have a white color they should be treated in a superior manner. He believed that the color difference is because of the good behavior, superiority and spotlessness. SUMMARY REGARDING EXPERIENCES OBSERVING, CHALLENGING AND TALKING ABOUT RACISM Racism is believe, action or a mental state where people tend to be superior

An Outline for Malden Mills Complex Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Outline for Malden Mills Complex - Coursework Example The downside effect of his decision is that he lost a lot of money. On the face of his decision, Malden Mills was viewed as a company with a human face, whose main objectives were not only making a profit but also maximizing the employees’ welfare and the community at large. It’s also because of this gesture that Malden Mills was able to get a tender from the Department of Defense to manufacture high-performance apparel for its military. This contract was able to get them out of bankruptcy. Ironically, the very merits for which Malden Mills is lauded among CSR advocates are also the main causes of Malden Mills’ bankruptcy (which left its former creditor GE Capital its largest shareholder) and of Feuerstein’s fall from management. Malden Mills was a capitalist firm in competitive environment structure. Continuing to maintain idled workers expanded the cost structure of Malden Mills. Lump sum compensation for the workers would have been the ideal solution in such a situation if I were the president of Malden Mills. Feuerstein’s philosophy captures human resources management at the pick of its effectiveness. He did not allow a devastating fire to shut Malden Mills down. With the help of a people-focused leader, Malden Mills displayed tenacity, loyalty and dedication in its decision to rebuild. He made a decision - one that others in the textile industry found hard to believe. Feuerstein decided to rebuild right there in Lawrence - not to move down South or overseas as much of the industry had done in search of cheap labour (Leung, 2009). The company may have filed for bankruptcy twice but what Feuerstein did for the Malden Mills staff opened a new leaf in the field of human resources management. Though not talked about, Malden Mills had a very strong HRM team that was able to stand by it until it was rebuilt.   A private company is owned by the company founders, a group of private investors or the management.  

History of Database Essay Example for Free

History of Database Essay Storing data and files is an important aspect of business for various industries of the world. The storage of data in computers or database system is proven to be cost effective. Large or small database needs a system which will control the processes in the databases. Such applications are called database management systems (DBMS). From the time it was designed, the need for a good DBMS has increased because of the escalating number of data stored in the database. There are many available DBMS that private corporations use today. Indeed, database management systems have evolved due to the demand for the services that these systems provide. Database Management System A database management system is a collection of programs which enables the user or a network of users to mange files and data inside the database. The management includes storing, deleting, modifying, and extracting information from the database. It manages the request of the user and other programs installed in the computer or in the network. The DBMS ensures the integrity and reliability of the data. Some DBMS also provide security to the database (Tatum, 2003). There are many different forms of database management systems available in the market today because of the different private and public organizations or corporations which require different kinds of DBMS. However, there are four important elements that every DBMS have. These are the modeling language, data structures, data query language and mechanism that allows transactions (Tatum, 2003). The modeling language is the element that pertains to the approach used by the DBMS to communicate with the database. There are several approaches available today including hierarchical, relational, network and object-oriented (Christiansen, 2005). The hierarchical model makes use of pointers to navigate between stored data which is stored hierarchically in a downward tree. The structure is very inflexible in changing data and access requirements. The data is accessed by navigating from the root data to the data on the lower part of the hierarchy. In addition, the user should know the structure of the system before he or she can make an inquiry (Hsior, n. d. ). The network model is like the hierarchical model. It uses pointers to navigate through the data but it does not use a downward tree structure. It has limited flexibility in changing data and accessing requirements. Access to the data is accomplished by navigating through the structure and issuing specific statements to find specific data types in relation to the starting point of the structure (Hsior, n. d. ). In relational model, the data is stored in the two-dimensional tables. The data in the relational method is manipulated based on the relational theory of mathematics. The data types in this model are assigned with a symbolic primary key or foreign key construction. The referential integrity of the model is supported by the relational theory of mathematics. This model is very flexible to the data changes and access requirements. And the access to data types is based on relational algebra and relational calculus statements (Hsior, n. d. ). And lastly, the object-oriented model stores data as objects. This model is more direct than its predecessors since the design is very close to the real world model. The object-oriented model allows an easier way to maintain the database. The identification of objects is assigned by the system which protects the consistency of the data; while in the relational systems, it is assigned by the user. The database does not only store data but a whole application as well. Moreover, it can be executed inside the database. The concept of inheritance in this model makes code easily reusable. Furthermore, the object-oriented model is more practical and more economical (Hsior, n. d. ). The data structures are the elements that a DBMS manages inside the database. Different databases require different data structures which different DBMS manage. Data structures include individual records, files, fields and objects such as media files. DBMS need to define data structures to ensure the integrity of the data while it is being accessed. The data query language is the element which takes care of the security of the database. It monitors login data, assigns access rights and privileges, and defines the criteria for the add data function in the data base (Tatum, 2003). History The origin of database can be traced back to libraries, governments and other institutions that require storage of data. The DBMS was designed to ensure the integrity, security and accessibility of data. The design of the DBMS constantly evolves through time. It aims to create a design of which has better reliability and performance (Mann, 2003). In the 1800, Jose Marie Jacquard had created a machine, Jacquard Loom, which produced fabric from stored design from a punch card. The data of the design is stored in punch cards where holes represent the details in the design. In this way, the Jacquard Loom automatically designs the loom depending on the punch card in use (Tatum, 2003). Similar technology was used in the 1890 as Herman Hollerith created a mechanism that recorded information in a punch card which was coded numerically. The idea is that the data can punch in specific locations in the card, and then it can be counted and sorted automatically. This design was used by the US government to perform the census. Hollerith’s company solely produces the machine that records the data in the punch card and another machine that tabulates and sorts the cards. This company is renamed to IBM. The company prospered as it was able to produce machines that can record data for business and government institutions during 1910 towards 1960. The systems have records of every household and other data needed for the analysis of the society (Tatum, 2003). By 1955, many business and government institutions have floors dedicated for the storage of punched cards and floors for the machines. The machines work with punch-board which control accumulator registers that could reproduce punched cards or put data on paper. Some very large companies accumulate tons of data everyday that costs millions on storage. Thus, the need for a new technology has become very imminent (Tatum, 2003). In the 1960s, private organizations and corporations needed computers that have better storage capabilities and computers are proven to be cost effective against ordinary punch cards. In line with this, database administrators needed database management systems to cope with the increasing data storage capacity of computers and the increasing number of data being stored. The hierarchical and network model are the two main data models developed which were used in database management systems during the earlier years. They made use of pointers which was used to navigate through records. In these models, there were difficulties in adding another field in the higher level since it will require rewriting the scheme for access in the lower level data. In this system, the emphasis of the model was placed on the type of data to be processed and not the over all structure of the system. In addition, the user who will need access to the data should know the structure of the database before he can make a query for information (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1970s, the Edgar F. Codd proposed a relational approach in manipulating data in the database. He published an article entitled A relational model of data for large shared data banks which became the foundation in the development of the relational database. The article showed a theory of how to store data in a rectangular or in two-dimensional tables and then use the theory of mathematical sets to operate on it. The relational databases represent the first implementation of the real database management system. Since then, the relation model had been the most popular or standard approach for database management systems (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-70s, the theory of Codd on relational databases was put into research projects by several competing camps. During this time, the term Relational Database Management System or the RDBMS was coined. During these times, there are two main prototypes based on the relational were developed. These are the System R developed by the IBM and Ingres developed by the University of California at Berkeley. These two prototypes led to different kinds of DBMS. The two lines of DBMS created by the two prototypes used different query languages. IBM’s System R uses the Structured Query Language (SQL) and the UCB’s Ingres uses QUEL short for query language. Also in mid-1970s, Peter P. Chen proposed the Entity-Relationship Model for the database design which gave a new insight in the conceptual models of a database management system. This model gives the designer of the database management system a way to concentrate more on the use of data instead of its logical structure like other method does (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1980s, the commercialization of the Relational Database Management System began to intensify due to the increasing demand of databases in corporations around the world. The higher demand was caused by the emerging business in the United States and other countries around the world. Another reason is that organizations and corporations had increasing number of data needed to be stored. Businesses rely on computers for their data storage thus a better database management system is needed to manage large databases that these businesses have. At the same time, many companies made some products which give individual users to maintain a small database in their own computer (Vaughn, 2003). In the rest of the 1980s, SQL had become the standard query language for many databases which was caused by the emergence of the local area network. The Oracle Corporation made the first commercial relational database. Moreover, the network and hierarchical models faded to the background. However, there are still others that use the network and hierarchical models (Vaughn, 2003). It was during the early 1990s when the industry of databases had a shakeout and there are only a few companies that survived for offering better products. The most important development on the computer industry was on application builders and programming languages. During these times, the prototype of the object-oriented database management system was introduced. The object-oriented DBMS is conceptualized to handle big and complex data that relational database management systems had a hard time to handle (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-1990s, the influx of internet use revived the need for database industry. This demand came from internet servers in order to manipulate the large amounts of data which must be made accessible to internet users. Better security and reliability is also needed to protect the client-users and the information itself from corruption and tamper. As such, only a good database management system can provide this. In addition, the database industry during these times has reached the desktop computers in the users’ own homes. This provides desktop computer users to manage their own small database or access the large databases on the internet (Vaughn, 2003). In the late 1990s, the industry prospered in terms of internet sales and database tools. The e-commerce industry boomed since business transactions have been done online. The Online Transaction Processing and the Online Analytical Processing emerged (Vaughn, 2003). However, in the early 21st century, there has been a decline in the internet industry. Nonetheless, the database industry is still growing because the demand for a larger database and better DBMS is steadily growing. There are other interactive applications that emerged during these times. Three companies have dominated the database industry including Microsoft, Oracle and IBM (Vaughn, 2003). Nowadays, huge systems require a good way to manage and analyze data. These databases’ storage capacity for the data now reaches the terrabyte level. Such databases are science databases which hold genome projects, national security, and space exploration data. Shopping online is also one of the common practices today. Millions of buyers participate on this application, thus requiring a larger database and good handling abilities. There are researches today that is said to surpass the capabilities of the SQL. This development will ensure another significant growth in the database industry (Vaughn, 2003). Future Trends Mobile database is now emerging in various ways. This technology will secure a more remote access to database. Additionally, more and more people will access a single database at a time. As such, proper management is needed to ensure the continuous service and to prevent a system crush (Vaughn, 2003). Object-oriented database management system is predicted to dominate the database market as well as other computer markets. The emergence of the use of this model threatens to wipe other database models (Vaughn, 2003). As time goes by, there are certain issues that have risen alongside the creation of larger databases. Ethical issue is one of them; the larger the database is, the harder that people can efficiently manage it. Consequently, it is easier for perpetrators to subtly penetrate a system without being known by the administrators. In addition, some databases use automatic analyzing application which is sometimes unethical to use (Vaughn, 2003). Evidently, the database evolved from simple punched cards to huge mainframes. The advances in database technology have propelled the growing need for large data storage and management tools to access and analyze it. The database management system evolved as billions of information are generated by large business and government institutions everyday. The demand still grows as the internet community is still continuously growing. The future of database industry is very clear – it will continue to prosper and advance as the world continuously develops. References Christiansen, S. (2005). Database Management System. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://searchsqlserver. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid87_gci213669,00. html Hsior, J. (n. d. ). Evolution of Database Systems. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://w3. ocit. edu. tw/ben/foxpro6/article/english/ch01/page04. htm Mann, M. (2006). History and Comparison of Relational Database Management Systems. TechnoCircle HVB Information Services. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. guug. de/lokal/muenchen/2007-05-14/rdbmsc. pdf Tatum, M. (2003). What is DBMS? Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-dbms. htm Vaughn, J. (2003). A short Database History. Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://math. hws. edu/vaughn/cpsc/343/2003/history. html

Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society Essay

Role of Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beowulf, the hero of Anglo-Saxon epic, had many adventures, and many companions and fellow-warriors are mentioned throughout his story. Some of them seem noble and courageous, truly living up to the standards of their culture; some seem cowardly. But all have gained immortality in the words, many times transcribed and translated, of the famous epic. However, the women of the time are rarely mentioned in Beowulf. Still, even from those few women who are mentioned and from other documents of the era, it is possible to see the position of women in of Anglo-Saxon society. In many cases, they enjoyed more rights than women in later Medieval cultures. Both Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's queen, and Hygd, Hygelac's queen, apparently held power in their courts. Wealhtheow's actions in rewarding Beowulf after his battles show the queen's role and position as hostess. She awards him "two arm ornament... ... impact on today's life, goes far toward dispelling notions that the Anglo-Saxons restricted the freedom of women in favor of a purely male-oriented, hero-worshiping society. Works Cited Beowulf and Other Old English Poems. Trans. Constance B. Hieatt. New York; Odyssey Press, 1967. Gies, Frances and Joseph. Marriage and Family in the Middle Ages. New York; Harper and Row, 1987. Page, R.I. Life in Anglo-Saxon England. New York; G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1970.

English Journal Essay

â€Å"Within the diamond haze of the beach something dark was fumbling along. Ralph saw it first and watched till the intentness of his gaze drew all eyes that way. Then the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing. The creature was a party of boys, marching approximately in step in two parallel lines and dressed in strangely eccentric clothing. † (Golding 1954, Ch. 1, p. 19) | This analysis explores the literary feature characterization. In this passage of the novel Golding describes the setting as â€Å"the diamond haze of the beach† to make the reader experience darkness and mystery, as if the reader is actually there. But not just the setting is important in this passage. The author’s choice of words to characterize the choir boys is impeccable. In this quotation the readers see the mysterious â€Å"creature† coming closer and closer to the two boys, Ralph and Piggy. Golding uses imagery to make the reader experience this spooky event. It is evident in the phrase â€Å"Then the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing. † By using the noun â€Å"creature†, Golding instills a scary, horrifying appearance to the group of boys. Also, he uses the word â€Å"mirage† to provide the reader with a mysterious, almost horror-like feeling as the group comes closer and closer. These nouns signify mysteriousness and darkness, providing the readers with a spooky, eerie atmosphere which helps us understand that the group of boys seem dangerous. This passage is taken from the author’s point-of-view and it makes a great impact on the reader. | â€Å"That’s enough! † said Ralph sharply, and snatched back the conch. â€Å"If you didn’t you didn’t. â€Å"-then you come up here an’ pinch my specs-† Jack turned on him. â€Å"You shut up! †(Golding 1954, Ch. 2, p. 46)| This analysis explores the literary feature imagery. In this dialogue of the novel Golding shows an argument between Ralph, the leader, and the other boys. The author uses words and phrases like †You shut up! † and â€Å"That’s enough! † to stress the harshness and seriousness of the situation to the reader. By using â€Å"enough! † the author deeply signifies the disturbance and frustration that Ralph is experiencing as pack leader. Jack is also portrayed as rude and bossy by using the phrase â€Å"You shut up! † This makes the reader feel a scuffle going on between the two, as if two factions are ready to be formed. This short passage shapes the theme â€Å"Inherent evil within humanity† as a whole by giving the reader a rude argument scene to show that there is inherent evil within humanity. | â€Å"Don’t you want to be rescued? All you can talk about is pig, pig, pig! â€Å"But we want meat! † â€Å"And I work all day with nothing but Simon and you come back and don’t even notice the huts! † (Golding 1954, Ch. 3, p. 54) | This analysis explores the literary feature characterization. In this passage of the novel Golding shows Ralph gives a rap on the knuckles to all those who didn’t participate in the hard-working day. By using the words â€Å"don’t even notice†, Golding wants the reader to experience the anger that Ralph has for these children. He states that he â€Å"work all day with nothing but Simon†, which means no child wants to do the hard work, except for those who actually are optimistic and think they have chance to leave this island. The other children’s egoistic behavior becomes problematic for the faction to develop any further. Golding emphasizes the state of stress Ralph is in as the leader of a faction in this sentence: â€Å"And I work all day with nothing but Simon and you come back and don’t even notice the huts! †This passage in the novel is used to let the reader the reader there are lots of egoistic people in the world and that it is very hard to get those people to work. By mentioning the repetition â€Å"pig, pig, pig!†, the children make themselves seem as they only about their personal lives, rather than the life of the faction. | â€Å"Roger and Maurice came out of the forest. They were relieved from duty at the fire and had come down for a swim. Roger led the way straight through the castles, kicking them over, burying the flowers, scattering the chosen stones. Maurice followed, laughing, and added to the destruction. † (Golding 1954, Ch. 4, p. 60)| This analysis explores the literary features setting and characterization. In this passage of novel Golding makes it known that the quietness of the forest is disturbed by using verbs like â€Å"burying†, â€Å"kicking†, â€Å"scattering†. These words add to the destructive mood of the passage. Also, the setting is described as horrendous, menacing, and violent because one of the boys, Maurice in particular, laughs during this passage, meaning his carelessness towards the forest may result in shortage of necessary figures for their faction. Golding makes this scene stick out like a sore thumb because of the complete indiscretion that Roger and Maurice caused to the forest.

A Overview of ESL and Bilingual Program Models

Each twenty-four hours, more and more kids enter American schools with a small or no English linguistic communication accomplishments. As this diverse pupil population continues to increase, schools across America must be prepared to run into the challenges that this entails. To run into this challenge, instructors must implement a assortment of plan theoretical accounts for linguistic communication minority pupils. Although many of these plan theoretical accounts differ from territory to territory, there are a few theoretical accounts that are preponderantly used throughout America. Transitional Bilingual Education, English Immersion, and Dual Language Education are three of many theoretical accounts that are used throughout American schools.Bilingual Program ModelsTransitional bilingual instruction is a theoretical account in which some topics are taught in the pupil ‘s primary linguistic communication ab initio but the direction in the primary linguistic communication is qui ckly phased out. The end of transitional bilingual instruction is to transition pupils out of their native linguistic communication and into English every bit rapidly as possible. This plan theoretical account Fosters â€Å" subtractive bilingualism † since the primary linguistic communication is frequently lost as the 2nd linguistic communication is acquired. This plan by and large places less accent on developing the pupils ‘ primary linguistic communication and more accent on utilizing the first linguistic communication as a span to English linguistic communication development. There are two fluctuations to this plan theoretical account. Early-exit transitional instruction normally passages to mainstream pupils within 2 to 3 old ages. This fluctuation The Late-exit transitional plan continues to develop the primary linguistic communication for a longer period of clip and these accomplishments are so transferred to the 2nd linguistic communication. Students in this theoretical account will normally stay in the plan throughout their simple old ages. A disadvantage of utilizing the Transitional Bilingual Education theoretical account is that it can frequently take old ages before an English linguistic communication scholar is able to be mainstreamed into the schoolroom. This happens due to the deficiency of development in the primary linguistic communication. Double linguistic communication is a signifier of instruction that allows pupils to be taught literacy and content in two linguistic communications. This plan provides high-quality direction for pupils who arrive in our schools talking chiefly a linguistic communication other than English. While making this, it besides provides direction in a 2nd linguistic communication for English speech production pupils. The linguistic communication is taught through content by accommodating the direction to guarantee that kids understand what is being taught every bit good as by utilizing content lessons to learn vocabulary and linguistic communication construction. Double linguistic communication instruction promotes bilingualism and biliteracy. Students in a double linguistic communication plan develop hearing, speech production, reading, and composing accomplishments in two linguistic communications. The double linguistic communication ( besides known as Two Way Immersion ) has fluctuations within the plan. Full submergence ( 90/10 ) plans normally begin literacy direction in the primary linguistic communication and so add formal literacy in English by the 2nd or 3rd twelvemonth. Students come ining kindergarten receive 90 % of the direction in their primary linguistic communication and 10 % of the direction in English. Each twelvemonth that per centum lessenings so that by the 4th or 5th twelvemonth, the pupils receive 50 % the direction in their primary linguistic communication and the other 50 % in English. Partial submergence ( 50/50 ) plans provide 50 % of the direction in the primary linguistic communication and the other 50 % of the direction in English. This division of linguistic communications starts from the beginning. There are many advantages to utilizing this plan theoretical account. English is best acquired by those pupils that have strong unwritten and literacy accomplishments in their native linguistic communication. In implementing the full submergence plan, non English talkers are taught in their primary linguistic communication. This strengthens their native linguistic communication accomplishments which so let them to more likely achieve in geting the 2nd linguistic communication. The pupil will non necessitate to relearn to read, many of their accomplishments will easy reassign to the new linguistic communication. Double linguistic communication plans promote â€Å" linear bilingualism † in which a primary linguistic communication is developed and maintained as a 2nd linguistic communication is acquired. Native English linguistic communication talkers greatly benefit from a double linguistic communication plan. By take parting in this type of theoretical account, these pupils will get a 2nd linguistic communication every bit good. Double linguistic communication plans promote transverse cultural consciousness. It promotes transverse cultural friendly relationships and it fosters interaction among pupils and parents. Students in this plan theoretical account maintain a connexion with their heritage. English linguistic communication scholars achieve more assurance in this type of environment since they are non segregated due to their deficiency of English linguistic communication proficiency.ESL Program ModelsDistricts that have a really diverse population with many different linguistic communications represented are likely to utilize ESL ( English as a Second Language ) plans instead than bilingual plans since ESL plans can suit pupils from different linguistic communication backgroun ds in the same category and the instructor does n't necessitate to be adept in the place linguistic communication of the pupils. There are assorted ESL plan theoretical accounts used throughout the schools in our state. ESL pull-out plans consist of English linguistic communication scholars passing portion of the school twenty-four hours in a mainstream schoolroom but are pulled out for a part of each twenty-four hours to have direction in English as a 2nd linguistic communication. This type of theoretical account is most frequently used in simple school scenes. Students that participate in this plan theoretical account normally work in a little group puting with an ESL instructor. ESL category period is most frequently used in in-between school scenes. English linguistic communication scholars attend an ESL category for one period of their school twenty-four hours. By and large the pupils are grouped for direction harmonizing to their degree of English proficiency. The ESL resource centre is a fluctuation of the ESL pull-out plan in which pupils come together from different schoolrooms or schools. This resource centre is staffed by at least one full-time ESL instructor that provides support to English linguistic communication scholars. The ESL resource centre focuses on holding ESL stuffs that will do content more comprehendible for the English scholar.Other Program ModelsEnglish submergence plans is an instructional plan in which pupils are taught by an ELL certified instructor. The instructor follows the same course of study as mainstream instructors in the same class degree except adapts it to the pupil ‘s demands. The gait of direction is besides set harmonizing to the academic degree of the pupils. English submergence plans use English as the primary linguistic communication direction. Teaching of English occurs at the same time with instruction of all the topics. There are two fluctuations to this plan, submergence and structured submergence ( SIE ) . Submergence is the â€Å" sink or swim † and the structured submergence plan physiques on vocabulary. In the structured submergence plan, content direction is in English except sheltered English instructional methods are implemented doing the content more comprehendible. An advantage to this type of plan is the English linguistic communication scholar will absorb the civilization and linguistic communication faster than if they were in a bilingual plan. A disadvantage is that the primary linguistic communication is non developed nor is it used to further the new linguistic communication. This plan theoretical account besides does n't learn English linguistic communication scholars to keep their cultural or lingual heritage.DecisionThe effectivity of the different plan theoretical accounts for English linguistic communication scholars continues to be the topic of contention. When sing which plan theoretical account to implement, territories must see different factors. The demographics of the territory or school are of import. The figure of linguistic communication minority pupils, the figure of pupils from each linguistic communication background, and the distribution across the class and schools are factors to see. Student features such as the academ ic degree in their primary linguistic communication will besides act upon the type of plan that will be more good. Another thing to see when taking the plan theoretical account to implement is the resources available within the school or territory. In order to shut the spread in our instruction system, English linguistic communication scholars must develop academic accomplishments while larning English. These plan theoretical accounts must supply linguistic communication minority pupils with the direction necessary to let them come on throughout school at the same rate as their native English speech production equals and finally let them to win in our society.

theories in psyche essays

theories in psyche essays - based on advancements in chemistry and philosophy - introspection: process by which people closely examine their own thoughts - Method of introspection was too restrictive, therefore the good was observations of actual behavior, including animal behavior - Concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments - behavior influenced by feelings and wishes buried deep inside - people often unaware of them, therefore these thoughts often contradict those in which we are aware - process of bringing unconscious feelings to the surface - Freud used hypnotism and free association - Ex someone who fears water might be asked to free associate with the word water ( first word that comes to mind-drown) - 1900s Watson argued against introspection as a way of studying behavior - observable behavior should be the only focus of the study - surroundings determine personalities - no such thing as free will, we are not responsible for or actions - ex. Criminal doesnt choose life of crime but rather depends on how person was sharp - B.F. Skinner most famous-he expanded on Watsons Theories - Albert Bandura-behavior is most influenced by observation and imitation - at the same time as behaviorism, this arose in Germany - behaviorists focus on learning and observed behavior - study how five senses help us extract information from the environment - overall shaping of things is determined by how people perceive/interpret series of separate sensations - whole is more important than individual parts - behaviorists oversimplified process of learning - focus on how people perceive, store and interpret information - interested in the way we use our knowledge to fill in the gaps ...

Meet the Celestial Bull and his Angry Red Eye

Meet the Celestial Bull and his Angry Red Eye Theres a starry bull in the sky called Taurus, the Bull that is visible from late October through March each year in the evening and pre-dawn skies. The face of the bull actually shows up in a vee-shaped  star cluster  in the sky that you can observe pretty easily. Its called the Hyades (pronounced HIGH-uh-deez) and is a naked-eye object for most people. Its also visible to stargazers from almost anywhere on the planet. To find it, search out the constellation Taurus using a star chart or digital astronomy app.   Thank the Ancients for Their Astute Observations We owe our ancient stargazing ancestors a great deal when it comes to exploring fascinating things in the sky. For example, Greek astronomers identified the Hyades and its nearby neighbor - the Pleiades star cluster - thousands of years ago. Other cultures noted it, too, seeing everything from the face of a bull to the figures of gods and goddesses in the structure. There are star tales for just about every object in the sky, from every culture that has lived on our planet. The Hyades were thought to be the daughters of the god Atlas, and sisters to another group of daughters portrayed by the Pleiades. The Greeks werent the only ones to tell tales involving these clusters. The Maori, for example, also told tales of the Hyades and Pleiades, as did cultures in ancient North America, China, and Japan. They were a popular sight and topic for mythology.   The Stars of the Hyades In reality, the Hyades are more closely related to another star cluster called Praesepe, or the Beehive, which is an early spring object for Northern Hemisphere observers. Astronomers have long suspected that these two clusters had a common origin in an ancient cloud of gas and dust. The Hyades stars lie about 150 light-years away from us and formed some 625 million years ago. They travel together through space in the same direction. Eventually, even though they do have a slight gravitational attraction for each other, they will go their separate ways, just as the Pleiades will do. At that point, even though their stars may have unlinked from the cluster, theyre still traveling along the original trajectory. Astronomers call them moving group or a moving cluster.   There are about 400 stars in the Hyades, but we only see about 6 or 7 with the naked eye. The four brightest Hyades stars are red giants, types of stars that are aging. Theyve run through their nuclear fuel and are heading toward old age and eventual destruction. These stars are part of the V shape that ancient stargazers thought made up the face of a celestial bull named Taurus.   Meet the Eye of the Bull: Aldebaran The brightest star in the Hyades really isnt in the Hyades. Its called Aldebaran and its name was, like so many other star names, based in mythology. It happens to lie on the line of sight between us and the Hyades. Its an orange-hued giant that lies only 65 light-years away. Aldebaran is an old star that will eventually exhaust all its fuels and could eventually explode as a supernova before collapsing to form a neutron star or a black hole. Unlike Betelgeuse (the supergiant star in Orions shoulder, which could explode anytime as a supernova), Aldebaran will likely be around for millions of years. Both the Hyades and Pleiades are open clusters. There are many of these groupings of stars in the Milky Way and other galaxies. They are associations of stars born in the same clouds of gas and dust but are not tightly bound together by gravity as stars in globular clusters do. The Milky Way contains at least a thousand of these collections of stars and astronomers study them to understand how stars of similar ages evolve over time. From the time they form together in their birth clouds to the time they die, cluster members show us how stars of roughly the same age, but different masses, can change over time. Those changes are what lead to the astonishing diversity of stars in the universe.   The highest-mass stars in the Hyades will use up their nuclear fuel very fast and die after a few hundreds of millions of years. Those same stars use up tremendous amounts of the original cloud as they form, which reduces the supply of star-making material available to their sibling stars. So, like the Hyades, many open star clusters contain members that are the same age, but some look older than others.

Construction Law - Subcontracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Construction Law - Subcontracts - Essay Example This paper examines various clauses of the Sub-contract and their level of compatibility with the Construction Act 2009 and the Joint Contracts Tribunal rules. The enactment of the Construction Act 1996 on 1st May 1998 made it the sole regulatory mechanism for all construction contracts (Evans, 2005; Teichmann, 2011).   The law was intended to handle issues in the construction industry relating to payments for completed construction projects and the then rampant cases of prolonged and costly legal disputes that were bringing construction activities at the sites to a near standstill. In the Act, different stakeholders in the building industry now reached a consensus about the various provisions which sought rationalize payment issues and establish a new way of resolving disputes that would keep construction projects going on throughout the duration of seeking resolutions to conflicts.  Adjudication was the new dispute resolution mechanism which was brought into the 1996 Construction Act. The Construction Acts are limited to regulating construction contracts only.  Sinden et al (2012) have noted that a construction contract is a working arrangement between two parties with for purposes of implementing construction activities.  In general, construction operations encompass erecting, altering, renovating, servicing, extension or bringing down of any buildings, constructions or works (Lynch, 2013; Evans, 2005).  This broad definition of construction works also includes piping and electrical installations, drainage networks and tunnels, clearing the debris from the site, landscaping and applying finishing touches like painting and decorations among others. In light of these definitions, this sub-contract is well within the confines of a construction project. Owing to the applicability of the Construction Act 1996 to contacts formed in writing, this Sub-Contract was conceived within the law (Teichmann, 2011). Nonetheless, the Construction Act 2009

Week One Individual Assignment Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario Essay

Week One Individual Assignment Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario - Essay Example This paper discuses budgets, ethical considerations, and other relevant information Guillermo must consider. The current budget for Guillermo Furniture Store has some serious flaws due to an imbalance between income and expenses. In the business world in order for a company to succeed in the long run its income or revenues must exceed its expenses. Guillermo has options available to him, but many of these options require radical change for Guillermo. Two options are to acquire a competitor or to merge with another company. The acquisition of a new firm has to be analyzed based on the budget of the company. The buyer has to have enough capital available to make the purchase. Merging with another competitor can help reduce overhead costs. A potential downside of merging is inefficiencies associated with organizational culture conflicts. The employees from the different business entities have different ways of doing business. Guillermo does not like the time commitments and loss of independence associated with these two options. Budgets are useful accounting tools that can help managers make important decisions. Businesses that do not use budgets can fall victims of misspending and cash shortages. Operating budgets are typically created to forecast the income and expenses of companies for the next year. When managers are dealing with strategic decisions in the long term they use budgets for longer periods of time. Techniques such as time series and regression models can be useful for forecasting purposes. The use of budgets can help managers determine how to implement process improvements to reduce cost. A budget can help a manager determine when the income of a company is insufficient to cover its expenses and make a profit. A budget can also be used by managers to determine when to buy equipment and machinery. If a company makes an above normal profit during a month it can invest more money on equipment. In

Elements influencing Robustness of the research Essay

Elements influencing Robustness of the research - Essay Example These were the elements influencing the robustness of the research; thus, are critiqued together with the elements influencing the believability of the research. In the study of Stark, Craig and Miller in 2011, the target population has been clearly identified and consisted of 10 healthy Caucasian females aged 21 to 39 years, who were not pregnant or lactating, and did not use tobacco or caffeine within 2 hours of testing (76). Samples were selected by placing flyers around the university and by word of mouth. The type of sampling is non-probability in nature, particularly convenience sampling because the researchers used the most conveniently available people as study participants. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were clearly identified as the study involved maternal choice, uncomplicated gestation of at least 37 weeks and no more than 41 weeks, and uncomplicated labor as inclusion criteria while exclusion criteria included mobility problems that limit entrance and exit from th e shower. The author believed that the sample size is too small and not adequate enough to produce accurate and representative samples. Ethical considerations were also included in the study. Ethical permission was granted for the study by the university’s institutional review board. ... Concepts such as showering, pain, labor, and suffering are were clearly defined, as well as the terms and theory. Researchers ensured that reader understands what is meant by the terms, concepts, and theory used in the study. In the methodology section, four areas were critiqued: research design, data collection, instrument design, and validity and reliability. The research design has not been clearly identified but based on the description, it is experimental in nature due to utilization of an intervention design with pilot testing. Data collection includes observation of physiologic variables during showering. It was appropriate and clearly described. Instrument design includes single-group, repeated-measures design to test the intervention with non-pregnant women of childbearing age and to allow frequent evaluation of participants before, during, and after a therapeutic shower. Results were discussed. As stated earlier, there was a pilot study undertaken. Reliability and validity testing are not mentioned in the study. Qualitative Study The qualitative study entitled â€Å"Suicide Notes among Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos† by Olson, Wahab, Thompson and Durrant (2011) was critiqued in terms of sample and ethical considerations. Just like critiquing a quantitative study, sample and ethical considerations are some of the elements influencing robustness of the study. The sampling method and sample size have been identified. A maximum variation sampling was used as sampling method to investigate the differences and similarities in suicide notes among Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos. A total of 69 suicide notes as sample size were included in the study. Although sample size was small, this is not

Design and Build Procurement Method

Design and Build Procurement Method If the potential readers of this dissertation within the Middle East region are going to get a better appreciation of the Design and Build procurement method, initially they must understand the advantages and/or disadvantages of this type of procurement method from both the Clients and Contractors perspective. 4.2 Arguments for Design Build Both Ndekugri and Turner (1994) argue that the Design and Build contract is often completed in a shorter duration because of the integration of the design and construction phases of a project. From a Clients perception this is one of the most important benefits this type of arrangement has to offer. Because the design/build Contractor is both designing and constructing the proposed facility, procurement and the construction phase can begin sooner than the more traditional design/bid/ and then build type of procurement arrangement. This time savings tends to results from the project being designed in phases which enables the Contractor to begin the construction works earlier. With the traditional design/bid/ construction arrangement, the Contractor does not normally start building until the Designer has completed the design and the project has been awarded. Both Saxon (2000) and the RICS Iconsult (no date) support this argument; both agree that one of the main benefits of this Design and Build arrangement is that it tends to reduce the design and construction time because they are being done concurrently and allows the Client to start earning revenue sooner than had he elected to use the traditional procurement method. According to Ndekugri and Turner (1994) another important benefit of the DB procurement method is the broad responsibility of the design/build Contractor. In traditional construction projects, problems often occur when the Designer blames the Contractor and vice versa for problems in the operation of the facility. On occasions in traditional construction projects, protracted litigation is necessary to resolve any dispute between the Designer and Contractor when they continue to blame each other for the problems. In design/build contracts, the Design and Build Contractor is responsible for both the design and construction of the project and retains the full responsibility for the outcome of the project, except for matters for which the Client retains responsibility. The Designer and Contractor are the same entity, so blaming each other does not excuse the Design and Build Contractor. The design/build Contractor is completely responsible for both construction and design defects. The Cl ient can recover directly from the design/build Contractor for deficiencies in either design or construction of the project. Therefore, the Client need not determine initially whether a defect was caused by an error in design or construction. In a more traditional construction contract, this issue must be determined so that the Client can establish whether the design professional or the Contractor is at fault. Haskell (no date) believes that another benefit of the Design and Build arrangement is that where the design and construction personnel work together and communicate and solve problems as a team, the Client will benefit from the continuity between Designer and Contractor. In a Design and Build project the same entity has the expertise to design the project as well as the expertise to build the project. Therefore they are unlikely to suffer communication problems, and because they are working as a team, they are better able to optimize the design and better able to evaluate alternative materials and construction methods efficiently. In addition to this, the RICS Iconsult (no date) believes that because the design team and the Contractor are working together as a team, the design is more likely to be buildable. Hughes (1992) argues that Design Build offers a high degree of cost certainty, encourages economical solutions, and enables value to be considered as well as price. The RICS Iconsult (no date) agrees with Hughes, and confirm that providing that the Client does not change their design brief, the Design and Build procurement method is more cost effective and provides more cost certainty than the traditional methods of procurement. Shapiro Hankinson Knutson Law Corporation (no date) also believes that another favourable feature of this arrangement, is that the design/build Contractor is liable for any additional cost that he may incur due to errors, omissions or ambiguities in his drawings and/or specification. In traditional contracts the Client warrants the sufficiency of the specification and drawings, and the Client becomes liable to the Contactor for any increased costs because of deficiencies in the drawings and specifications. In a design/build contract, the design/build Contractor is responsible for design as well as construction. The situation minimises claims for extra payment and the design/build Contractor cannot request extra compensation on account of their own mistakes or assumptions. In some instance, the design/build concept has been taken a step further, thus providing the Client with more options and/or advantages. For example, the design/build Contractor, might offer a turnkey procurement solution, this generally means that they will offer the Client a full package which includes the testing and commissioning of the facility, as well as the training of the Clients staff in the operation of the facility. The concept is that when the facility is finished and ready for handing over, all the Client has to do is turn the key. In some instances the design/build Contractor may also include in their proposal a financing deal for the project. Alternatively the design/build Contractor may offer a BOLT type arrangement i.e. they will build the project, then they will operate the facility for a given amount of time, in consideration for this, the Client will then leases the facility for the defined term and cost, then after the expiry of the term, the ownership of the fa cility is then transferred back to the Client. Schiff Hardin LLP (ii) (no date) argues that only with design/build contracts, is the Client able to obtain performance warranties because the Designer and Contractor are not in a position to blame each other because technically they are a single entity. For example it is common for the design/build Contractor to warrant that a proposed facility when completed will yield a predetermined output (e.g. process 2000 cans of coke per hour). This requirement can then be linked to the liquidated damages clause in the event that the output falls short of the predetermined output for the facility. According to the RICS Iconsult (no date), because the Design and Build Contractor has total responsibility, there will be less claims from the Contractor for the late delivery of information, particularly design information. In most design/build contracts, the contract price is fixed price/lump sums, this gives the Client some degree of price certainty. In summary, some of the proclaimed advantage of the design/build procurement include inter alia:- (i) Clients with limited access to technical consultants or their own in-house technical departments may find such contracts attractive. Similarly it is also perceived that because the design/build Contractor is responsible for design, and construction inclusive of quality, the Client will benefit from the reduced cost of third party inspectorates and contract administration, However you could argue that this is an disadvantage to the Client, because at the end of the day, Contractors and design consultants are profit driven and this situation could lead to a compromise in the quality of the project; (ii) Because the design and construction are integrated and the personnel are working together for a common goal. They are better able to optimise the Design and Build ability of a project. They are better able to evaluate alternative materials and methods of construction. Innovation and team work should result in cost savings. This could be construed to be a disadvantage to the Client, especially if all the innovation occurs during the design development stage, because it is generally only the DB Contractor that will get to see benefits for the cost savings at this stage of a project; (iii) The design/build Contractor is a single-point and both the Designer and builder are jointly and severally liable and/or responsible; (iv) In the event of a latent defect and/or litigation by the Client, the joint financial resources of a design/build Contractor will be greater than those of the individual Designer and builder; (v) Most design/build arrangements will tend to be lump sum in nature, meaning that they will usually offer greater certainty in respect of cost to the Client; (vi) Payment by fixed instalments at certain milestone stages, rather than by evaluation method, may be preferential to both Design/Builder and/or Client; (vii) In the event of a post-completion failure of the project, the Client will not be concerned to discover whether the failure is due to the design on the one hand or defective work or materials on the other; viii) From the design/ build Contractors perspective, due to the increase in risk that is inherent of a Design and Build contract, the reward will be greater i.e. more profit. However with more risk, comes more pain when things go wrong for a Design and Build Contractor; ix) From the perspective of a Design and Build Contractor, due to the specialised nature of a Design and Build arrangement, not all Contractors have the required skill set to undertake projects with the design responsibility. The consequence of this is less competition. However, from a Clients perspective this could be a disadvantage because of the likely hood of higher prices due to the reduction in competition; x) There is no need to wait until the design is 100% complete, therefore the Client will benefit from the speed at which the design gets translated into construction; xi) Theoretically there should be less of an involvement by the Clients consultants, therefore the fees from Consultants should be less. 4.3 Arguments against Design Build Clients should stop thinking that Design and Build arrangements need less input from third parties than the traditional method. Some Clients believe that because they have appointed a design/build Contractor who ultimately has a single point of responsibility, there is no need to appoint a third party inspectorate and/or cost advisor. This belief can compromise the quality of the project, as the Design and Build Contractor will attempt to complete the project as cheaply and quickly as possible. Schiff Hardin LLP (i) (no date) argues that because the Designer is no longer employed directly by the Client, the Client may find it more difficult to access information that would have ordinarily been available to them under a traditional project. The Client may feel that he has less control over the design phase and design intent because the relationship between Designer and Client is not the same had it been in a more traditional project. Similarly the Client in a traditional contract retains the services of the Designer during the construction phase to act as a watch dog for compliance with the drawings and specification. But in a Design and Build contract, the Designer no longer works for the Client and the Designer allegiance is with the DB Contractor Hanscomb (2004) confirms that one of the disadvantages of a Design and Build arrangement, is that disputes often occur when the Employer Requirements are not specific enough and left open to the interpretation of the parties. As a result the Client may perceive that he is getting X, but the design/build Contractors interpretation is Y. As a result the Client may not get what they envisaged. This may also lead to litigation if the parties cannot mutually resolve the difference in interpretation of the Employers Requirements. As confirmed before and by Schiff Hardin LLP (i) (no date), due to the specialised nature of the Design and Build arrangement, the Client may find it difficult to obtain competitive quotations. In addition, this form of procurement method quite often excludes smaller companies who do not necessary have the in-house technical ability to undertake a Design and Build. It is also common for design/build contracts to negotiated rather than be competitively bid because Clients tend to find it difficult to induce Contractors to produce preliminary designs unless they are compensated for their costs. All of these factors could be construed as a disadvantage to the Client because they may not get value for money. Appelbaum et al (2012) argues that the principal disadvantage of traditional Design and Build is that the owner loses control of the design process, since the design professionals primary legal and practical allegiance is to the design-builder rather than the owner. This can create severe conflicts of interest during both the design phase and construction administration. From a design/build Contractors perspective and especially in a competitive tender situation, they are at risk of spending a substantial amount of money on a preliminary design and/or concepts and there is no certainty if they will recover this cost. From a Client perspective they could be perceived as an advantage in a competitive bidding situation because they do not need to compensate the Contractors for their preliminary design costs. It is also commonly believed that it is almost impossible to make any genuine appraisal and/or comparison of the cost of a competitively bid Design and Build tender, especially where their designs differ significantly. Schiff Hardin LLP (no date) maintains that if a Client puts a Design and Build tender out to bid, this inevitably results in a competition to under-design a facilitate without any regard to quality, functionality, and maintainability. It could also be argued that where both the design/build Contractor and Clients lack experience in this type of delivery approach, this could have a huge detrimental impact on the delivery of the project and the expectations of the parties. In other words, if a naive Client and/or DB Contractor believes that the other party is responsible for any deliverable associated with the project, and later it transpires they are not, then an unexpected cost might arise that was not anticipated. Rowlinson (1988) also argues that from the Clients perspective, it is difficult to make a comparison of the various preliminary design proposals submitted by Design and Build Contractors. Each Design and Build Contractor will each develop a concept design that satisfies the Employers Requirements albeit using lots of different methods and/or techniques. According to the RICS (no date), from the perspective of a Design and Build Contractor, the extent of the design responsibility is generally fitness for purposes unless the contract states otherwise. This is more onerous than the normal duty of reasonable skill and care imposed on a design consultant when they are employed by the Client in the traditional role. Conversely, and in my opinion, from the perspective of the Client, this could be construed to be an advantage in the event of a design defect. During the course of this study, it has become evident that here in the Middle East, a Contractor and/or Designer is generally only registered with the concerned authorities to either undertake construction works or design works. It is rare for one entity to be registered to undertake both work classification i.e. designer and builder. Therefore for any organisation that wants to participate in the Design and Build field, they will have to form a consortium of Designer and Contractor; which can be a lengthy and complicated process for the parties, especially when they attempt to agree who has responsibility for each risk and which entity is best equipped to handle the risk. Unless the Client incorporates a mechanism in the contract that gives them the opportunity to have an input into the detailed design, the Clients input into the detailed design will be limited and this may result in the finished article not being as they previously envisaged, which then could then lead to disputes. Conversely, and again in my opinion, if the Client employs a Designer to carry out the detailed design and then by novation, the Client transfers the design liability to the Design and Build Contractor, this could result in higher costs for the Client. This could also have a detrimental effect on the ability of the Design and Build Contractor to optimise the design and construction of the project and to evaluate the merits of alternative materials and construction methods. Schiff Hardin LLP (i) (no date) also believes that from the perspective of the Client, the terms of a Design and Build contract generally favour the Design and Build Contractor. Therefore it is recommended that any Client thinking of using the design and built procurement methods should work closely with a lawyer experienced in construction law and in particular the Design and Build contracts. Conversely, and again in my opinion, the Design and Build contract will generally consider this to be an advantage because the terms of the contract are in their favour. Shapiro Hankinson Knutson Law Corporation (no date) argues that under a lump sum Design and Build arrangement, it can get confrontational on how to determine what money is due to the Design and Build Contractor. The main difficulty is the ability to assess the design/builders progress, particularly where there is no independent party that can arbitrate between the parties and make independent assessment. To overcome this problem it is suggested that milestones stone be incorporated into any contract together with a predetermined sum for payment when the respective milestone are achieved. Generally the Design and Build Contractor will prepare a document to accompany his tender known as the Contractors Proposals. This document sets out his methodology of how they intend to satisfy the performance specifications set out in the Employer Requirements. The Joint Tribunal Council in the UK (2008) warns Clients that in the event of conflict between the Employers Requirements and the Contractors Proposals, the latter are stated to prevail. They further advise Clients that when evaluating tenders, adequate time must be given to checking these proposals, particularly as the contract conditions refer to the Employer having satisfied himself that the Contractors Proposals are acceptable. Similarly the Client should allow adequate time for checking the proposals to ensure that they are getting what they envisaged. Conversely, this could be looked upon as an advantage to the Client, for the DB Contractor may have optizmed the Employers Requirements by introducing innovation and ben eficial alternatives and methods into the Contractors Proposals. An Unknown Author (no date) argues that another disadvantage of the Design and Build contract is that it is not flexible enough to accommodate change. Therefore Clients are advised, that they should avoid change. If is often found that when foreseen and/or unforeseen changes occur, the Clients budget cannot accommodate the additional costs and they are left with no alternative but to either reduce the scope of works and/or comprise on the quality of the project in order to reduce cost. This will inevitably lead to a product that is not what the Client envisaged at the start of the project. Schiff Hardin (ii) (no date) wrote that issues relating to insurance and bonding affect the relationship between the Design and Build parties. Errors and omissions by the Designer are generally excluded from the Contractors insurance policies, and errors and omissions by the Contractor is generally exclude from the insurance policies of the Designer. Surety bonds can also lead to similar problems, for example, performance bonds may not cover design services. Satisfactory bonding or insurance obligations are likely to be either commercially unobtainable or prohibitively expensive. In summary, some of the proclaimed disadvantage of the design/build procurement method include inter alia:- (i) In the traditional Design and Build situation, only if the Client employs third party inspectorates and/or cost advisors at his expense will he be able to safe guard his interests. By doing this, and in my opinion. this appears to be at odds with the concept of a Design and Build contract i.e. the Design and Build Contractor is a single entity that are jointly and severally responsible for both defects in design and workmanship. (ii) Because of the specialist nature of the Design and Build contract, there are only a limited number of Design and Build Contractor that are capable of undertaking work using this arrangement. This consequently results in less competition and ultimately less competition will result in higher prices (iii) From the Clients perspective, compared with the traditional design/bid and construct arrangement, the Client inevitably loses control of both the design and construction phase. Even if they were to engage independent advisors, they have limited influence over the whole process; all they can do is monitor for compliance with the Employers Requirements. (iv) It has been suggested that where it has been possible to compare both forms of delivery methods i.e. Design and Build verse design/bid and the construct; there was little evidence that the optimisation of design and the evaluation of alternative materials and methods of construction have yielded a cost saving for the Client. In my opinion all benefits that occur due to the innovative ideas generally occur post contract and the cost benefits remain with the Design and Build Contractor (v) Particular attention should be given to the drafting of design/build contracts and Employer Requirements because of it bespoke nature. The Client should seek legal advice particularly from a construction lawyer who are well versed in the field of Design and Build projects. This legal advice invariably increases the total cost of the project for the Client. (vi) Where Clients elect to competitively tender a Design and Build project, from the Contractors perspective, the cost of preparing preliminary designs and the tender are generally substantial because the Contractor will have to engage the services of a design professional. This cost will need to be recovered in all subsequent tenders if the Contractor is not successful. In some instances, some Design and Build Contractors will decline to bid and this will unavoidably result in a less competitive environment. vii) Where the Client has elected to appoint a Designer to undertake a relatively detailed design. After which the Client decides to novate both the Designer and their design to the Design and Build Contractor. From a Contractors perspective, this will limit their ability to optimise the design and construction as well as review alternative methods and materials. Conversely from the Clients perspective, he regains control over the design and construction phase of the project. viii) All Clients have a duty to conduct some investigation into the capabilities and experience of the Design and Build Contractor. Particular attention should be paid to the track record of the preferred Contractors. Design and Build Contractors who are relatively new to this form of delivery method can themselves become a problem because of their lack of experience. Wardani et al. (2006) concluded that resourcing is influential to the success of design/build projects where a higher knowledge and understanding of the design-build processes can reduce problems within the combined design and construction phases ix) The Client should where possible avoid changes once the concept design and tenders have been fully evaluated and the Design and Build Contractor has been appointed. If required, any decision for change should be made as quickly as possible. Xiao and Proverbs (2003) argue that variations during the construction stage are risk factors that are disruptive to the achievement of project goals. 4.4 Outcome As stated in 1.4, the objective of this chapter was to critically analyse the benefits of Design and Build procurement method. Having looked at various sources of literature from books, internet websites and journals regarding the Design and Build procurement method, the writer believes that this has been achieved. The next chapter of the report will attempt to ascertain the feelings and attitudes of the construction professionals in the Middle East region to the Design and Build procurement method and to gauge whether there is a future for this procurement method. Chapter 5: Design and Build Case Study 5.1 Introduction To gauge the knowledge, feelings and attitudes of the construction professionals in the Middle East to the Design and Build form of procurement. A survey has been conducted using a 5 page questionnaire (See Appendix xxxxx for a blank copy of the survey). A covering letter accompanied the questionnaire setting out the objective of the study. The response rate to this Questionnaire was a favourable 62%. As stated in 2.6 on this report, the data received from the respondents was collated and analysed using the descriptive statistic method. Bar charts and/or histograms accompanied with the corresponding narrative have been used to present some of the data gathered from the respondents. Questions 1 to 4 Inclusive Initially a series of participant background questions were asked of the respondents, particularly where they lived within the Middle East, and what discipline best described their role in the industry i.e. construction management, commercial. Furthermore, the respondents were asked how many years had they been in the industry, and which sector of the industry they preferred. Approximately 60% of the respondents had been in the industry for more than 20 years. 63% of the respondents favoured the sector of roads and bridges. The respondents all came from a variety of disciplines i.e. 32% from a construction management background, 23% from a commercial background and 14% from a consultants background. With reference to Fig 6 below, 56% respondents respondent came from the Sultanate of Oman, 24% from the United Arab emirates, 4% from Kuwait, 8% from Bahrain, 4% from Saudi Arabia, 4% from Qatar. The purpose of these questions was to ensure that the data provided by the respondents was re liable and could be construed to be representative of the industry in the Middle East region as set out in the objectives contained in 1.4 of this report. Questions 5 to 7 The next series of question was intended to gather data on the type and nature of the organisations that the respondents work for. Again, the purpose of these questions was to ensure and verify that the respondents all came from diverse background and /or disciplines and/or organisations. With reference to Fig 7 below, 25% of the respondents came from a consultants backgrounds and 63% came from a variety of contracting backgrounds, 4% came from developers and 8% came from other sectors within the construction industry. Questions 8 to 13 inclusive To test my preconception that the traditional form of construction procurement method is the most extensively used in the Middle East, and to test peoples attitudes to the various types of procurement methods. The respondents were asked a number of quantitative questions i.e. Q8 Which procurement method did their current project follow? Q9 Which procurement method had they used the most extensively? Q 10 Which procurement method did they prefer? Q 11 Which procurement method did they think is the most extensively used in the region? Q 12 Which one of the Design and Build procurement methods did they want to gain further experience? Q 13 Which procurement method was used the most extensively within the respondents organisation? The surprising result of the data collected for Q8, was that 21% of the respondents confirmed that their current project had followed the Design and Build procurement method. This result is not too dissimilar to Handscomb (2004) findings detailed on page 11 of this report i.e. the use of Design and Build had grown to more than 30% today. The result to question 8 is also in line with the Contracts in Use 2007 Survey undertaken by RICS for the United Kingdom i.e. 21.7% of contracts were procured using the DB procurement method just for the economical down turn. However, this response was contrary to the writers preconception of how extensive the Design and Build procurement method is currently being used in the region. The writer was not expecting the actual use of the Design and Build method of procurement to be so high. The writers preconception was more in line with the results gained from Q11 (see Figure 8 below) i.e. 92% of the respondents believed that the traditional method of procurement was the most extensively used in the region with only 4% of the respondents saying that the Design and Build method was the most extensively used. The factual 21% of projects currently following the Design and Build procurement method (Q8) and the perceived 4% use of the design and built (Q11) is completely at variance with each other, thus indicting that people are not as narrow minded as previously thought, and are more open minded than to the use of alternative procurement methods in the Middle East region, particularly Design and Build. With reference to Fig. 9 below, it was also surprising to see that 44% of the respondents favoured Design and Build method of procurement, and 40% favoured the traditional method of procurement (Q10). Again this response was not in line with the writers hypothesis that professionals in the region are not open to change and other forms of procurement methods other than the traditional construction procurement methods. In response to Q13, 83% of the respondents confirmed that the traditional method of procurement was the most extensively used procurement method by their organisation and 14% confirmed Design and Build. When compared to the answers given in Q10, it could be argued that it is the Employers in the region that are comfortable with the status quo and are not willing to consider change, the answers given by the respondents to Q10 would suggest that there is an appetite for change amongst the workers as they favoured the Design and Build procurement method. Questions 14 to 20 In order to gauge the attitudes of the respondents to the various procurement methods available, the respondents were asked which procurement method was most suited to a particular sector of the construction industry (See Results in Table 1 below). With reference to Table 1 above, the majority of the respondents favoured the Design and Build contract over the traditional form of procurement in all but one scenario. Again these results are at variance to the writers preconceived ideas of people attitudes to the Design and Build procurement method in the Middle East. These result indicate that construction professional in the Middle East are in fact open to the idea of new procurement methods and in particular the Design and Build. This is contrary to the hypothesis contained in 1.2 of the report. Question 21 88% of the respondents confirmed that they had gained some form of experience with the Design and Build procurement method, and only 12% had gained no experience at all (See Figure 10 below). This appears to reinforce the emerging idea that construction professionals in the Middle East would indeed be open to using different procurement methods in the region. Question 22 to 24 inclusive